Just diagnosed: Pet Epilepsy for Caregivers

Receiving a diagnosis of epilepsy in your pet can be overwhelming, but with the right knowledge and care, you can help them live a happy and fulfilling life. This guide covers essential aspects of pet epilepsy, from understanding the condition to managing seizures effectively.

1. Understanding Pet Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes repeated seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can range from mild (twitching, staring) to severe (convulsions, loss of consciousness).

Types of Epilepsy in Pets:

  • Idiopathic Epilepsy: No identifiable cause, often hereditary.

  • Structural Epilepsy: Caused by brain abnormalities (tumors, trauma, infections).

  • Reactive Seizures: Triggered by external factors (toxins, metabolic imbalances).

2. Recognizing Seizures

Being able to identify seizures helps in providing the best care. A seizure usually includes 3 phases, however the first phase may be missed.

Stages of a Seizure:

  1. Pre-ictal Phase (Aura): Pet may appear anxious, restless, or clingy.

  2. Ictal Phase: The actual seizure, ranging from mild tremors to full-body convulsions.

  3. Post-ictal Phase: Disorientation, confusion, temporary blindness, or behavioral changes.

Common Signs of a Seizure:

  • Sudden collapse or muscle stiffening

  • Uncontrollable paddling or twitching

  • Excessive drooling or foaming at the mouth

  • Loss of bowel or bladder control

  • Unresponsiveness

3. What to Do During a Seizure

  • Stay Calm: Your pet is not in pain, even if it looks distressening.

  • Ensure Safety: Move objects away to prevent injury but do NOT restrain your pet unless there are at direct of injuring themselves and it is safe to do so.

  • Time the Seizure: Seizures under 2 minutes are usually not life-threatening.

  • Avoid the Mouth: Your pet won’t swallow its tongue, but you may get bitten if you try to intervene.

  • Provide Comfort Afterward: Keep the environment quiet and dimly lit.

Seek immediate veterinary help if:

  • The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes (status epilepticus)

  • Your pet has multiple seizures in a short period (cluster seizures)

4. Managing Epilepsy in Pets

Though epilepsy is usually a lifelong condition, it can be managed with medication, lifestyle changes, and proper monitoring.

Medication:

  • Common anti-seizure drugs include Phenobarbital, Potassium Bromide, Levetiracetam (Keppra), and Zonisamide.

  • Medication must be given regularly, and sudden withdrawal can cause severe seizures.

  • Regular blood tests are required to monitor liver function and medication levels.

Lifestyle Adjustments:

  • Consistent Routine: Minimize stress and keep feeding, play, and sleep schedules consistent.

  • Avoid Triggers: Flashing lights, loud noises, or certain foods may provoke seizures.

  • Nutrition & Supplements: Some pets benefit from a ketogenic diet or omega-3 supplements.

5. Keeping a Seizure & Behavior Journal

Tracking seizures and behavioral changes helps veterinarians assess treatment effectiveness. Include:

  • Date & Time of Seizure

  • Duration

  • Description of Signs

  • Possible Triggers

  • Post-Seizure Behavior (confusion, aggression, fear, lethargy, etc.)

  • Changes in Cognition or Memory (difficulty recognizing familiar people, disorientation, getting lost in familiar areas, etc.)

Over time, you may notice patterns that can help adjust treatment and improve your pet’s quality of life.

6. Monitoring Behavior & Cognition

Epilepsy can sometimes cause long-term changes in a pet’s behavior and cognitive abilities. Watch for:

  • Increased anxiety or aggression

  • Confusion or staring episodes when not seizing

  • Changes in sleep patterns or pacing at night

  • Difficulty learning new commands or forgetting old ones

  • Reduced interaction with family or other pets

Keeping a record of these signs can help your vet determine if medication adjustments or additional therapies are needed.

7. When to Seek Veterinary Help

  • Worsening or increasing seizure frequency

  • Severe side effects from medication (lethargy, vomiting, loss of balance, skin problems)

  • Sudden behavioral changes or signs of cognitive decline

8. Emotional Support for Caregivers

Caring for a pet with epilepsy can be stressful. Seek support from:

  • Online pet epilepsy forums

  • Local pet caregiver groups

  • Your veterinarian for guidance and reassurance

Final Thoughts

With the right management, pets with epilepsy can lead long, joyful lives. Stay informed, follow your vet’s advice, and provide a loving, stable environment for your furry friend.